Isiteji sokuqala
Umlando wezimoto zikagesi wandulela izimoto zethu ezijwayeleke kakhulu ezinikwa amandla izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi.Ubaba wemoto ye-DC, umsunguli nonjiniyela waseHungary u-Jedlik Ányos, waqala wahlola izinto ezisebenza ngokuzungeza ugesi elabhorethri ngo-1828. UThomas Davenport waseMelika uThomas Davenport wakha imoto yokuqala kagesi eyayishayelwa injini ye-DC ngo-1834. Ngo-1837, uThomas ngaleyo ndlela uthole ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala embonini yezimoto yaseMelika.Phakathi kuka-1832 no-1838, u-Scotsman u-Robert Anderson wasungula inqola kagesi, imoto enikwa amandla amabhethri ayisisekelo ayengakwazi ukushajwa kabusha.Ngo-1838, uRobert Davidson waseScotland wasungula isitimela sokushayela ugesi.Ithilamu esasebenza emgwaqeni iyilungelo lobunikazi elavela eBrithani ngo-1840.
Umlando wezimoto zikagesi zebhethri.
Imoto kagesi yokuqala emhlabeni yazalwa ngo-1881. Umsunguli kwakungunjiniyela ongumFulentshi uGustave Trouvé Gustave Trouvé, okwakuyibhayisikili elinamasondo amathathu elisebenza ngamabhethri aneasidi yomthofu;Imoto kagesi eyasungulwa u-Davidson esebenzisa ibhethri eliyisisekelo njengamandla engakafakwa kububanzi bokuqinisekisa kwamazwe ngamazwe.Kamuva, amabhethri e-lead-acid, amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium, amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, amabhethri e-lithium-ion, namaseli kaphethiloli avela njengamandla kagesi.
Isikhathi esimaphakathi
Isiteji sika-1860-1920: Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri, ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi kwasetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu naseMelika engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19.Ngo-1859, isazi sefiziksi esikhulu saseFrance kanye nomsunguli u-Gaston Plante wasungula ibhethri le-asidi eholayo ekwazi ukushajwa kabusha.
Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ku-1920, izimoto zikagesi zazinezinzuzo eziningi kunezimoto zangaphakathi eziqhutshwa injini emakethe yokuqala yezimoto: akukho phunga, akukho ukudlidliza, akukho msindo, asikho isidingo sokushintsha amagiya kanye nenani eliphansi, okwenza ezintathu Hlukanisa imakethe yezimoto zomhlaba.
I-Plateau
Isiteji sika-1920-1990: Ngokuthuthukiswa kwamafutha aseTexas kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe benjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, izimoto zikagesi kancane kancane zalahlekelwa izinzuzo zazo ngemva kuka-1920. Imakethe yezimoto kancane kancane ithathelwa indawo yizimoto ezinikezwa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi.Inani elincane kuphela lama-tram nama-trolleybus kanye nenani elilinganiselwe kakhulu lezimoto zikagesi (ezisebenzisa amaphakethe ebhethri e-lead-acid, asetshenziswa ezinkundleni zegalofu, ama-forklift, njll.) asele emadolobheni ambalwa.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi kumile isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulunyaka.Ngokugeleza kwezinsiza zikawoyela ezimakethe, abantu bacishe bakhohlwe ubukhona bezimoto zikagesi.Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi: ukushayela kukagesi, izinto zebhethri, amaphakethe ebhethri lamandla, ukuphathwa kwebhethri, njll., azikwazi ukuthuthukiswa noma ukusetshenziswa.
Isikhathi sokutakula
1990——: Ukuncipha kwemithombo kawoyela nokungcoliswa komoya okungathi sína kwenza abantu baphinde banaka izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi.Ngaphambi kuka-1990, ukugqugquzelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi ikakhulukazi kwaba yizinkampani ezizimele.Isibonelo, inhlangano yezemfundo engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni eyasungulwa ngo-1969: i-World Electric Vehicle Association (World Electric Vehicle Association).Njalo ngonyaka nengxenye, i-World Electric Vehicle Association ibamba izingqungquthela zezemfundo zezimoto zikagesi kanye nemibukiso ye-Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition (EVS) emazweni ahlukene nasezifundeni emhlabeni jikelele.Kusukela ngawo-1990, abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu baqala ukunaka ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwezimoto zikagesi futhi baqala ukutshala izimali kanye nobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi.Embukisweni Wezimoto waseLos Angeles ngoJanuwari 1990, umongameli wakwaGeneral Motors wethula emhlabeni wonke ngemoto kagesi ye-Impact.Ngo-1992, abakwaFord Motor basebenzisa ibhethri le-calcium-sulphur i-Ecostar, ngo-1996 iToyota Motor yasebenzisa ibhethri ye-Ni-MH i-RAV4LEV, ngo-1996 iRenault Motors Clio, ngo-1997 kwaphuma imoto eyi-hybrid yakwaToyota yakwa-Prius hybrid, ngo-1997 imoto yokuqala ye-Nissan Motor emhlabeni i-Prairies. IJoy EV, imoto kagesi esebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, nabakwaHonda bakhiphe futhi bathengisa iHybrid Insight ngo-1999.
Inqubekelaphambili yasekhaya
Njengemboni eluhlaza okotshani, izimoto zikagesi bezilokhu zithuthuka eChina iminyaka eyishumi.Mayelana namabhayisikili kagesi, ekupheleni kuka-2010, amabhayisikili kagesi aseChina asefinyelele ezigidini ezingu-120, futhi izinga lokukhula lonyaka lalingama-30%.
Ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwamandla, amabhayisikili kagesi ayingxenye yesishiyagalombili kuphela yezithuthuthu kanye nengxenye yeshumi nambili yezimoto;
Ngokombono wendawo ehlala abantu, isikhala esithathwe ibhayisikili likagesi siyingxenye yamashumi amabili kuphela yezimoto ezizimele ezijwayelekile;
Ngokombono wethrendi yentuthuko, ithemba lemakethe lemboni yamabhayisikili kagesi lisenethemba.
Amabhayisikili kagesi ake athandwa amaqembu ahola kancane kanye naphakathi emadolobheni ngezinzuzo zawo ezishibhile, ezilula, kanye nokusebenza okuvumelana nemvelo.Kusukela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabhayisikili kagesi e-China kuya ekuqalisweni kwemakethe ngamaqoqo amancane maphakathi nawo-1990, kuya ekukhiqizweni nasekuthengisweni kusukela ngo-2012, ibikhombisa ukukhula okukhulu unyaka nonyaka.Ngenxa yesidingo esinamandla, imakethe yamabhayisikili kagesi yaseChina ibilokhu ikhula ngokugxumagxuma nemingcele.
Izibalo zikhomba ukuthi ngo-1998, umkhiqizo kuzwelonke wawungu-54 000 kuphela, kanti ngo-2002 wawungu-1.58 million.Ngo-2003, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhayisikili kagesi eShayina kwase kufinyelele ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4, ebekwe kuqala emhlabeni.Isilinganiso sokukhula konyaka kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2004 sidlule i-120%..Ngo-2009, umphumela wafinyelela ezigidini ezingama-23.69, okuwukukhula konyaka ngo-8.2%.Uma kuqhathaniswa no-1998, iye yanda izikhathi ezingu-437, futhi ijubane lokuthuthukiswa liyamangalisa kakhulu.Izinga lokukhula elimaphakathi lonyaka lokukhiqizwa kwamabhayisikili kagesi kule minyaka yezibalo engenhla licishe libe ngu-174%.
Ngokwezibikezelo zezimboni, ngo-2012, usayizi wemakethe wamabhayisikili kagesi uzofinyelela ku-100 billion yuan, futhi amandla emakethe amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi ewodwa azodlula ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50.Ngo-March 18, 2011, izinkonzo ezine kanye namakhomishana akhiphe ngokuhlanganyela "Isaziso Sokuqinisa Ukuphathwa Kwebhayisikili Kagesi", kodwa ekugcineni kwaba "incwadi efile".Kusho ukuthi imboni yezimoto zikagesi ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu yokusinda emakethe endaweni ethuthukayo yesikhathi eside, futhi imikhawulo yenqubomgomo izoba inkemba engaxazululiwe yokusinda kwamabhizinisi amaningi;kuyilapho imvelo yangaphandle, imvelo yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe ebuthakathaka kanye nokuvuselelwa okubuthakathaka, nakho kwenza izimoto zikagesi Ibhonasi yokuthumela ngaphandle kwezimoto izoncishiswa kakhulu.
Mayelana nezimoto zikagesi, “Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yokonga Amandla kanye Nezimboni Ezintsha Zezimoto” lubikwe ngokucacile eMkhandlwini Wombuso, futhi “uHlelo” luphakanyiselwe ezingeni lamasu kazwelonke, okuhloswe ngalo ukubeka isimo esisha. embonini yezimoto.Njengenye yezimboni eziyisikhombisa zamasu ezisafufusa ezihlonzwe uhulumeni, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhleliwe ezimotweni zamandla amasha kuzofinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, futhi umthamo wokuthengisa uzokleliswa kuqala emhlabeni.
Ngo-2020, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezimoto ezintsha zamandla kuzofezeka, ubuchwepheshe bokonga ugesi kanye nezimoto ezintsha zamandla kanye nezingxenye ezibalulekile kuzofinyelela ezingeni elithuthukisiwe lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi isabelo semakethe sezimoto ezihlanzekile zikagesi kanye nezimoto ezihlanganisiwe zizofinyelela ku-5. izigidi.Ukuhlaziywa kubikezela ukuthi kusukela ngo-2012 kuya ku-2015, isilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka sokuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi emakethe yaseShayina sizofinyelela cishe ku-40%, iningi lazo elizovela ekuthengisweni kwezimoto zikagesi ezihlanzekile.Ngo-2015, iChina izoba yimakethe yezimoto zikagesi ezinkulu kunazo zonke e-Asia.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-03-2023