Inqanaba lokuqala
Imbali yezithuthi zombane yandulela ezona moto zethu zixhaphakileyo eziqhutywa ziinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi. Uyise wemoto ye-DC, umqambi kunye nonjiniyela waseHungary uJedlik Ányos, waqala wazama izixhobo zesenzo sokujikeleza ngombane kwilabhoratri ngo-1828. UThomas waseMelika uThomas Davenport uThomas Davenport wenza imoto yokuqala yombane eqhutywa yimoto yeDC ngo-1834. Ngo-1837, uThomas ngoko ke bafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwishishini leemoto laseMelika. Phakathi kwe-1832 kunye ne-1838, u-Scotsman u-Robert Anderson wenza i-carriage yombane, isithuthi esiqhutywa ziibhetri eziphambili ezazingenako ukutshajwa. Ngomnyaka we-1838, uRobert Davidson waseScotland wenza uloliwe wokuqhuba umbane. I-tram isasebenza endleleni lilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza elavela eBritani ngo-1840.
Imbali yezithuthi zombane zebhetri.
Inqwelo yombane yokuqala yehlabathi yazalwa ngowe-1881. Umqambi yinjineli yaseFransi uGustave Trouvé Gustave Trouvé, eyayiyibhayisekile enamavili amathathu eqhutywa ziibhetri ezineasidi yelothe; Isithuthi sombane esakhiwe nguDavidson usebenzisa ibhetri ephambili njengamandla awazange afakwe kwi-scope yokuqinisekiswa kwamanye amazwe. Kamva, iibhetri ze-lead-acid, iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium, iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neeseli zepetroli zavela njengamandla ombane.
Ixesha eliphakathi
Inqanaba le-1860-1920: Ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe bebhetri, ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane zazisetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu naseMelika kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Ngo-1859, ingcali yefiziksi enkulu yaseFransi kunye nomqambi uGaston Plante wayila ibhetri ye-lead-asidi ekwaziyo ukugcwaliseka.
Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kowe-1920, iimoto zombane zaziluncedo ngakumbi kuneemoto eziqhutywa yiinjini yangaphakathi kwintengiso yabathengi bemoto yokuqala: akukho vumba, akukho ngcangcazelo, akukho ngxolo, akukho mfuneko yokutshintsha iigiya kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, elenza isiseko semoto. ezintathu Yahlula imarike auto zehlabathi.
Ithafa
Inqanaba le-1920-1990: Ngophuhliso lweoyile yaseTexas kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchwephesha benjini yokutsha yangaphakathi, iimoto zombane ngokuthe ngcembe zaphulukana nenzuzo yazo emva ko-1920. Kuphela inani elincinci leetram kunye ne-trolleybuses kunye nenani elincinci kakhulu lezithuthi zombane (usebenzisa iipakethi zebhetri ze-lead-acid, ezisetyenziselwa kwiikhosi zegalufa, ii-forklifts, njl.) zihlala kwizixeko ezimbalwa.
Uphuhliso lwezithuthi zombane lumile ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Ngokuhamba okuqengqelekayo kwemithombo yeoli ukuya kwimarike, abantu baphantse balibale ubukho bezithuthi zombane. Xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe obusetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane: ukuqhuba kombane, izinto zebhetri, iipakethi zebhetri zamandla, ulawulo lwebhetri, njl., azikwazi ukuphuhliswa okanye ukusetyenziswa.
Ixesha lokubuyisela
Ngowe-1990——: Ukuncipha kwemithombo yeoli nongcoliseko lomoya onzulu kwabangela ukuba abantu banikele ingqalelo kwizithuthi zombane kwakhona. Phambi ko-1990, ukukhuthazwa kokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane kwakusenziwa ikakhulu licandelo labucala. Ngokomzekelo, umbutho wezemfundo ongekho phantsi korhulumente owasekwa kwi-1969: i-World Electric Vehicle Association (i-World Electric Vehicle Association). Unyaka ngamnye kunye nesiqingatha, i-World Electric Vehicle Association ibamba iinkomfa zezemfundo zezithuthi zombane kunye nemiboniso yeSimposiyam yeSithuthi soMbane kunye nokuBoniswa (EVS) kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakwimimandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ukususela kwi-1990, abavelisi abakhulu beemoto baqala ukunikela ingqalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwezithuthi zombane kwixesha elizayo kwaye baqala ukutshala imali kunye neteknoloji kwintsimi yezithuthi zombane. Kwi-Auto Show yaseLos Angeles ngoJanuwari 1990, umongameli weGeneral Motors wazisa i-Impact pure electric car ehlabathini. Kwi-1992, i-Ford Motor yasebenzisa i-calcium-sulfur battery Ecostar, ngo-1996 i-Toyota Motor yasebenzisa i-Ni-MH ibhetri i-RAV4LEV, ngo-1996 i-Renault Motors Clio, ngo-1997 imoto ye-Toyota Prius hybrid yaphuma kumgca wokuvelisa, ngo-1997 imoto yokuqala ye-Nissan Motor ye-Prairies. Joy EV, isithuthi sombane usebenzisa i-lithium-ion iibhetri, kwaye uHonda wakhulula kwaye wathengisa iHybrid Insight ngo-1999.
Inkqubela yasekhaya
Njengoshishino lokuphuma kwelanga, iimoto zombane ziye zaphuhliswa e-China iminyaka elishumi. Ngokubhekiselele kwiibhayisikile zombane, ekupheleni kuka-2010, iibhayisikile zombane zaseChina zazifikelele kwi-120 yezigidi, kwaye izinga lokukhula ngonyaka laliyi-30%.
Ukususela kumbono wokusetyenziswa kwamandla, iibhayisikili zombane ziyingxenye yesibhozo kuphela yezithuthuthu kunye neshumi elinesibini leemoto;
Ukususela kumbono wendawo ehlala kuyo, indawo ehlala ibhayisekile yombane kuphela kwishumi elinesibini leemoto eziqhelekileyo zabucala;
Ngokwembono yendlela yophuhliso, ithemba lemarike yeshishini lebhayisekile yombane lisenethemba.
Iibhayisekile zombane zazikhe zathandwa ngamaqela anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi ezixekweni ngenxa yeengenelo zazo ezingabizi kakhulu, eziluncedo, kunye nezokusingqongileyo. Ukusuka kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweebhayisikile zombane e-China ukuya ekuqalisweni kwemarike kwiibhetshi ezincinci phakathi koo-1990, ukuya kwimveliso kunye nokuthengisa ukusukela ngo-2012, ibonise ukukhula okubonakalayo unyaka nonyaka. Ngenxa yemfuno emandla, imakethi yebhayisekile yombane yase China ikhule ngokuxhuma kunye nemida.
Ubalo lubonisa ukuba ngowe-1998, imveliso yelizwe yayingama-54 000 kuphela, yaye ngowama-2002 yayisisi-1.58 sezigidi. Ngo-2003, imveliso yeebhayisikili zombane e-China yayifikelele ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Umndilili wokukhula ngonyaka ukusuka ku-1998 ukuya ku-2004 udlule kwi-120%. . Ngo-2009, iziphumo zafikelela kwi-23.69 yezigidi zeeyunithi, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-8.2%. Xa kuthelekiswa no-1998, iye yanda ngamaxesha angama-437, kwaye isantya sophuhliso siyamangalisa. Umyinge wokukhula ngonyaka wemveliso yeebhayisekile zombane kule minyaka yezibalo ingentla malunga ne-174%.
Ngokutsho koqikelelo lweshishini, ngo-2012, ubungakanani bemarike yeebhayisekile zombane buya kufikelela kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, kwaye amandla emarike ebhetri yemoto yombane kuphela aya kudlula i-50 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Ngomhla we-18 ka-Matshi, i-2011, abaphathi abane kunye neekhomishini bakhuphe ngokudibeneyo "Isaziso malunga nokuLawulwa kweeBhayisiki zoMbane", kodwa ekugqibeleni yaba "ileta efileyo". Kuthetha ukuba ishishini lezithuthi zombane lijongene noxinzelelo olukhulu lokusinda kwimarike kwindawo yokuphucula ixesha elide, kwaye izithintelo zomgaqo-nkqubo ziya kuba likrele elingasonjululwanga lokusinda kwamashishini amaninzi; ngelixa indawo yangaphandle, imeko yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe ebuthathaka kunye nokubuyiswa okubuthathaka, kwakhona kwenza izithuthi zombane Ibhonasi yokuthumela ngaphandle kweemoto iya kuncitshiswa kakhulu.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizithuthi zombane, "iSicwangciso soPhuhliso soLondolozo lwaMandla kunye noShishino loMmandla oMtsha we-Automobile" luchazwe ngokucacileyo kwiBhunga likaRhulumente, kwaye "iSicwangciso" siphakanyiselwe kwinqanaba leqhinga lesizwe, elijolise ukubeka imeko entsha. kushishino lweemoto. Njengenye yamashishini asixhenxe asakhasayo anobuchule achongiweyo ngurhulumente, utyalo-mali olucwangcisiweyo kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha luya kufikelela kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyi-10 ezayo, kwaye umthamo wokuthengisa uya kuba kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni.
Ngo-2020, ukuveliswa kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha kuya kuzaliseka, iteknoloji yokugcina amandla kunye neenqwelo zamandla amatsha kunye namacandelo aphambili aya kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye isabelo semarike yezithuthi zombane ezicocekileyo kunye ne-plug-in hybrid izithuthi ziya kufikelela kwi-5. izigidi. Uhlalutyo luqikelela ukuba ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2015, umyinge wokukhula wonyaka wokuthengiswa kweemoto zombane kwimarike yaseTshayina uya kufikelela malunga ne-40%, ininzi eya kuvela kwiintengiso zezithuthi zombane. Ngo-2015, iChina iya kuba yeyona marike inkulu yemoto yombane eAsia.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-03-2023