Icyiciro cya mbere
Amateka yimodoka yamashanyarazi ateganya imodoka zacu zisanzwe zikoreshwa na moteri yaka imbere. Se wa moteri ya DC, uwahimbye umunya Hongiriya akaba na injeniyeri Jedlik Ányos, yabanje kugerageza ibikoresho by’ibikoresho bizenguruka amashanyarazi muri laboratoire mu 1828. Umunyamerika Thomas Davenport Thomas Davenport yakoze imodoka ya mbere y’amashanyarazi yari itwawe na moteri ya DC mu 1834. Mu 1837, Thomas bityo yabonye patenti yambere munganda zabanyamerika. Hagati ya 1832 na 1838, Umunya-Ecosse Robert Anderson yahimbye igare ry'amashanyarazi, imodoka ikoreshwa na bateri y'ibanze idashobora kwishyurwa. Mu 1838, Umunya-Ecosse Robert Davidson yahimbye gari ya moshi. Inzira nyabagendwa iracyagenda mu muhanda ni patenti yagaragaye mu Bwongereza mu 1840.
Amateka yimodoka ya mashanyarazi.
Imodoka ya mbere y’amashanyarazi ku isi yavutse mu 1881. Uwayihimbye yari injeniyeri w’Ubufaransa Gustave Trouvé Gustave Trouvé, yari igare ryikinyabiziga itatu rikoreshwa na bateri ya aside-aside; Ikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi cyahimbwe na Davidson ukoresheje bateri yambere kuko ingufu ntizashyizwe murwego rwo kwemeza mpuzamahanga. Nyuma, bateri ya aside-aside, bateri ya nikel-kadmium, bateri ya hydride ya nikel, bateri ya lithium-ion, na selile ya lisansi byagaragaye nkimbaraga zamashanyarazi.
Igihe giciriritse
Icyiciro cya 1860-1920: Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya batiri, gukoresha ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byakoreshejwe cyane muburayi na Amerika mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 19. Mu 1859, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Abafaransa akaba n'uwahimbye Gaston Plante yahimbye bateri ya acide-acide.
Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu 1920, ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi byari bifite ibyiza byinshi kuruta ibinyabiziga bitwikwa na moteri imbere mu isoko ry’abaguzi ba mbere: nta mpumuro, nta kunyeganyega, nta rusaku, nta mpamvu yo guhindura ibikoresho n’ibiciro biri hasi, byashizeho U bitatu Kugabanya isoko ryimodoka kwisi.
Ikibaya
Icyiciro cya 1920-1990: Hamwe niterambere ryamavuta ya Texas hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya moteri yaka imbere, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byatakaje ibyiza nyuma ya 1920. Isoko ryimodoka rigenda risimburwa buhoro buhoro nibinyabiziga bikoreshwa na moteri yaka imbere. Gusa umubare muto wa tramari na trolleybus hamwe numubare muto cyane wibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (ukoresheje paki ya batiri ya aside-aside, ikoreshwa mumasomo ya golf, forklifts, nibindi) iguma mumijyi mike.
Iterambere ryimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ryahagaze mugihe kirenga igice cyikinyejana. Hamwe no gutembera kw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isoko, abantu hafi yibagirwa ko hariho ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ugereranije nubuhanga bukoreshwa mumodoka yamashanyarazi: gutwara amashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya batiri, paki yamashanyarazi, gucunga bateri, nibindi, ntibishobora gutezwa imbere cyangwa gukoreshwa.
Igihe cyo gukira
1990——: Kugabanuka kwumutungo wa peteroli hamwe n’umwanda ukabije w’ikirere byatumye abantu bongera kwita ku binyabiziga by’amashanyarazi. Mbere ya 1990, guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry'imodoka z'amashanyarazi ahanini byakozwe n'abikorera. Kurugero, umuryango w’amasomo utegamiye kuri leta washinzwe mu 1969: Ishyirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi ku isi (Ishyirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi ku isi). Buri mwaka nigice, Ishyirahamwe ry’ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi ku isi rikora inama n’amasomo y’imyuga y’amashanyarazi yabigize umwuga n’imurikagurisha hamwe n’imurikagurisha (EVS) mu bihugu no mu turere dutandukanye ku isi. Kuva mu myaka ya za 90, abakora ibinyabiziga bikomeye batangiye kwita ku iterambere ry’ejo hazaza h’imashanyarazi kandi batangira gushora imari n’ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Mu imurikagurisha ry’imodoka ryabereye i Los Angeles muri Mutarama 1990, perezida wa General Motors yagejeje ku isi imodoka nziza y’amashanyarazi. Mu 1992, Ford Motor yakoresheje batiri ya calcium-sulfure Ecostar, mu 1996 Toyota Motor yakoresheje bateri ya Ni-MH RAV4LEV, mu 1996 Renault Motors Clio, mu 1997 imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa Prius Hybrid ya Toyota yavuye ku musaruro, mu 1997 imodoka ya mbere ya Nissan Motor ku isi Prairie Joy EV, imodoka yamashanyarazi ikoresha bateri ya lithium-ion, na Honda yarekuye kandi igurisha Hybrid Insight mu 1999.
Iterambere ryimbere mu gihugu
Nka nganda izuba riva, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bimaze imyaka icumi bitera imbere mubushinwa. Ku bijyanye n’amagare y’amashanyarazi, mu mpera za 2010, amagare y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa yari ageze kuri miliyoni 120, naho umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere buri mwaka wari 30%.
Urebye gukoresha ingufu, amagare yamashanyarazi ni kimwe cya munani cya moto na kimwe cya cumi na kabiri cyimodoka;
Urebye umwanya wafashwe, umwanya ufitwe nigare ryamashanyarazi ni kimwe cya makumyabiri gusa cyimodoka zisanzwe zigenga;
Urebye uko iterambere ryifashe, isoko ryinganda zamagare zamashanyarazi ziracyafite icyizere.
Amagare yamashanyarazi yigeze gutoneshwa nitsinda rito kandi ryinjiza hagati mumijyi kubera inyungu zabo zihenze, zoroshye, kandi zangiza ibidukikije. Kuva mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere amagare y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa kugeza ku isoko ry’isoko mu matsinda mato hagati ya za 90, kugeza ku bicuruzwa no kugurisha kuva mu 2012, byagaragaje umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bukabije uko umwaka utashye. Kubera ibisabwa cyane, isoko ry’amagare y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ryagiye ryiyongera cyane.
Imibare irerekana ko mu 1998, umusaruro w’igihugu wari 54.000 gusa, naho 2002 ukaba miliyoni 1.58. Kugeza mu 2003, umusaruro w'amagare y'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa wari umaze kugera kuri miliyoni zirenga 4, uza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Ikigereranyo cy'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka buri mwaka kuva 1998 kugeza 2004 cyarenze 120%. . Muri 2009, umusaruro wageze kuri miliyoni 23.69, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 8.2%. Ugereranije na 1998, yiyongereyeho inshuro 437, kandi umuvuduko witerambere uratangaje. Ikigereranyo cyo kwiyongera k'umwaka ku musaruro w'amagare y'amashanyarazi mu myaka y'ibarurishamibare yavuzwe haruguru ni 174%.
Nk’uko biteganijwe mu nganda, mu mwaka wa 2012, ingano y’isoko ry’amagare y’amashanyarazi azagera kuri miliyari 100, naho ubushobozi bw’isoko rya bateri y’imodoka y’amashanyarazi bwonyine buzarenga miliyari 50. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2011, minisiteri na komisiyo enye zasohoye hamwe “Itangazo ryo gushimangira imicungire y’amagare y’amashanyarazi”, ariko amaherezo rihinduka “ibaruwa ipfuye”. Bisobanura ko inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi zihura n’igitutu kinini cyo kubaho ku isoko mu gihe kirekire cy’iterambere ry’ibidukikije, kandi gukumira politiki bizahinduka inkota idakemutse kugira ngo ibigo byinshi bibeho; mugihe ibidukikije byo hanze, ibidukikije byubukungu bidakomeye hamwe no gukira guke, nabyo bituma ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi Amafaranga yoherezwa mumodoka azagabanuka cyane.
Ku bijyanye n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, “Gahunda y’iterambere y’inganda zizigama ingufu n’inganda nshya z’imodoka” yamenyeshejwe neza Inama y’igihugu, kandi “Gahunda” yazamuwe ku rwego rw’igihugu, igamije gushyiraho ikibazo gishya. ku nganda z’imodoka. Nka imwe mu nganda ndwi zigenda zigaragara zagaragajwe na Leta, ishoramari riteganijwe mu modoka nshya z’ingufu rizagera kuri miliyari 100 mu myaka 10 iri imbere, kandi ibicuruzwa bizashyirwa ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi.
Muri 2020, inganda z’imodoka nshya zizashyirwa mu bikorwa, ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzigama ingufu n’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu n’ibice byingenzi bizagera ku rwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere, kandi umugabane w’isoko ry’imodoka zifite amashanyarazi meza n’ibinyabiziga bivangavanze bizagera kuri 5 miliyoni. Isesengura riteganya ko kuva mu mwaka wa 2012 kugeza 2015, impuzandengo y’ubwiyongere buri mwaka yo kugurisha ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa bizagera kuri 40%, ibyinshi muri byo bizaturuka ku kugurisha ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi. Kugeza mu 2015, Ubushinwa buzaba isoko ry’imodoka nini nini muri Aziya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-03-2023