Gawo loyamba
Mbiri yamagalimoto amagetsi imayambira magalimoto athu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi injini zoyatsira mkati. Bambo wa galimoto ya DC, woyambitsa ndi injiniya wa ku Hungary Jedlik Ányos, anayamba kuyesa zipangizo zozungulira maginito mu labotale mu 1828. American Thomas Davenport Thomas Davenport anapanga galimoto yoyamba yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi DC motor mu 1834. Mu 1837, Thomas Davenport motero adapeza chiphaso choyamba mumakampani amagalimoto aku America. Pakati pa 1832 ndi 1838, Scotsman Robert Anderson anapanga galimoto yamagetsi, galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi mabatire oyambirira omwe sakanatha kuwonjezeredwa. Mu 1838, Scottish Robert Davidson anapanga sitima yamagetsi yamagetsi. Sitimayi ikugwirabe ntchito pamsewu ndi patent yomwe idawonekera ku Britain mu 1840.
Mbiri yamagalimoto amagetsi a batri.
Galimoto yamagetsi yoyamba padziko lonse inabadwa mu 1881. Woyambitsayo anali injiniya wa ku France Gustave Trouvé Gustave Trouvé, yomwe inali njinga yamoto itatu yoyendetsedwa ndi mabatire a lead-acid; Galimoto yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi Davidson pogwiritsa ntchito batire yoyamba monga mphamvu siinaphatikizidwe pakukula kwa chitsimikiziro cha mayiko. Pambuyo pake, mabatire a lead-acid, mabatire a nickel-cadmium, mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, ndi ma cell amafuta adawoneka ngati mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mid term
1860-1920 siteji: Ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji ya batri, kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Ulaya ndi America mu theka lachiwiri la 19th century. Mu 1859, katswiri wamkulu wa sayansi ya ku France ndi woyambitsa Gaston Plante anapanga batire ya lead-acid yowonjezeredwa.
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka 1920, magalimoto amagetsi anali ndi zabwino zambiri kuposa magalimoto oyaka mkati mwamsika wogula magalimoto: palibe fungo, palibe kugwedezeka, phokoso, palibe chifukwa chosinthira magiya ndi mtengo wotsika, womwe umapangitsa atatu Gawani msika wamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi.
Plateau
Gawo la 1920-1990: Ndi chitukuko cha mafuta aku Texas ndikuwongolera ukadaulo wa injini zoyaka mkati, magalimoto amagetsi pang'onopang'ono adataya mwayi wawo pambuyo pa 1920. Msika wamagalimoto umasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi injini zoyaka mkati. Ma tram ndi ma trolleybus ochepa okha komanso magalimoto owerengeka kwambiri (pogwiritsa ntchito mapaketi a batire a lead-acid, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera a gofu, forklifts, etc.) amakhalabe m'mizinda ingapo.
Kukula kwa magalimoto amagetsi kwadutsa zaka zoposa theka. Ndi kugubuduzika kwa mafuta kumsika, anthu pafupifupi amaiwala kukhalapo kwa magalimoto amagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto amagetsi: kuyendetsa magetsi, zida za batri, mapaketi a batri amphamvu, kasamalidwe ka batri, ndi zina zotere, sizingapangidwe kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Nthawi yochira
1990——: Mafuta akucheperachepera ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya kunachititsa anthu kulabadiranso magalimoto amagetsi. Isanafike 1990, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi kunali makamaka ndi mabungwe apadera. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lopanda maphunziro lopanda boma lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1969: World Electric Vehicle Association (World Electric Vehicle Association). Chaka chilichonse ndi theka, bungwe la World Electric Vehicle Association limakhala ndi misonkhano yaukadaulo yaukadaulo wamagalimoto amagetsi ndi ziwonetsero za Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition (EVS) m'maiko ndi madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira m'ma 1990, opanga magalimoto akuluakulu anayamba kumvetsera za chitukuko chamtsogolo cha magalimoto amagetsi ndipo anayamba kugulitsa ndalama ndi luso lamakono pamagetsi amagetsi. Pa Los Angeles Auto Show mu Januware 1990, Purezidenti wa General Motors adayambitsa galimoto yamagetsi ya Impact padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1992, Ford Motor idagwiritsa ntchito batire ya calcium-sulfure Ecostar, mu 1996 Toyota Motor idagwiritsa ntchito batri ya Ni-MH RAV4LEV, mu 1996 Renault Motors Clio, mu 1997 galimoto ya Toyota ya Prius hybrid idagubuduza pamzere wopanga, mu 1997 galimoto yoyamba ya Nissan Motor padziko lonse lapansi. Joy EV, galimoto yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito lithiamu-ion mabatire, ndipo Honda adatulutsa ndikugulitsa Hybrid Insight mu 1999.
Kupita patsogolo kwapakhomo
Monga makampani obiriwira otuluka dzuwa, magalimoto amagetsi akhala akukula ku China kwa zaka khumi. Ponena za njinga zamagetsi, pofika kumapeto kwa 2010, njinga zamagetsi za ku China zinali zitafika pa 120 miliyoni, ndipo chiwerengero cha kukula kwa chaka chinali 30%.
Kuchokera pakuwona kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, njinga zamagetsi ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi atatu a njinga zamoto ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi ndi awiri a magalimoto;
Kuchokera pakuwona malo okhalamo, danga lokhala ndi njinga yamagetsi ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo makumi awiri okha a magalimoto wamba wamba;
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko, chiyembekezo chamsika chamakampani opanga njinga zamagetsi chikadali ndi chiyembekezo.
Mabasiketi amagetsi nthawi ina ankakondedwa ndi magulu otsika ndi apakati m'mizinda chifukwa cha zotsika mtengo, zosavuta, komanso zothandiza zachilengedwe. Kuchokera pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha njinga zamagetsi ku China mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, kupanga ndi kugulitsa kuyambira 2012, zakhala zikuwonetsa kukula kwakukulu chaka ndi chaka. Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu, msika waku China waku njinga zamagetsi ukukulirakulira komanso malire.
Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti m’chaka cha 1998, chiwerengero cha dziko lonse chinali 54,000, ndipo mu 2002 chinali 1.58 miliyoni. Pofika m'chaka cha 2003, njinga zamagetsi zamagetsi ku China zidakwera kwambiri kuposa 4 miliyoni, zomwe zidayamba padziko lonse lapansi. Kukula kwapakati pachaka kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2004 kudaposa 120%. . Mu 2009, linanena bungwe anafika 23.69 miliyoni mayunitsi, chaka ndi chaka kuwonjezeka 8.2%. Poyerekeza ndi 1998, chawonjezeka ndi nthawi 437, ndi liwiro chitukuko ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri. Avereji yakukula kwapachaka kwakupanga njinga zamagetsi m'zaka zowerengera pamwambapa ndi pafupifupi 174%.
Malinga ndi zoneneratu zamakampani, pofika chaka cha 2012, kukula kwa msika wa njinga zamagetsi kudzafika 100 biliyoni ya yuan, ndipo kuthekera kwa msika wa mabatire amagetsi amagetsi okha kudzapitilira 50 biliyoni. Pa March 18, 2011, mautumiki anayi ndi ma komisheni pamodzi adapereka "Chidziwitso pa Kulimbitsa Utsogoleri wa Njinga Zamagetsi", koma pamapeto pake idakhala "kalata yakufa". Zimatanthawuza kuti makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi akukumana ndi chitsenderezo chachikulu cha kupulumuka kwa msika m'malo otukuka kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zoletsa za ndondomeko zidzakhala lupanga losathetsedwa kuti mabizinesi ambiri apulumuke; pamene chilengedwe chakunja, malo ofooka a zachuma padziko lonse ndi kuchira kofooka, kumapanganso magalimoto amagetsi Bhonasi yotumiza kunja kwa magalimoto idzachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Pankhani ya magalimoto amagetsi, "Development Plan for Energy-Saving and New Energy Automobile Industry" yafotokozedwa momveka bwino ku State Council, ndipo "Plan" yakwezedwa pamlingo wadziko lonse, pofuna kuyika zinthu zatsopano. zamakampani amagalimoto. Monga imodzi mwamafakitale asanu ndi awiri otsogola omwe adziwika ndi boma, ndalama zomwe zakonzedwa m'magalimoto amagetsi atsopano zidzafika pa 100 biliyoni m'zaka 10 zikubwerazi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malonda kudzakhala koyamba padziko lapansi.
Pofika chaka cha 2020, kutukuka kwa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano kudzakwaniritsidwa, ukadaulo wopulumutsa mphamvu ndi magalimoto atsopano ndi zida zazikulu zidzafika pamlingo wapamwamba wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo gawo la msika wamagalimoto amagetsi oyera ndi ma plug-in hybrid magalimoto adzafika 5. miliyoni. Kusanthula kumaneneratu kuti kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2015, kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa malonda amagetsi amagetsi pamsika waku China kudzafika pafupifupi 40%, zambiri zomwe zimachokera ku malonda amagetsi amagetsi. Pofika chaka cha 2015, China idzakhala msika waukulu kwambiri wamagalimoto amagetsi ku Asia.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-03-2023