Kaʻina mua
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o kā mākou mau kaʻa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. ʻO ka makua kāne o ka kaʻa DC, ka Hungarian inventor a me engineer Jedlik Ányos, i hoʻāʻo mua me nā mea hana electromagnetically rotating i loko o ka hale hana ma 1828. Ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika Thomas Davenport Thomas Davenport i ke kaʻa uila mua i hoʻokele ʻia e kahi kaʻa DC ma 1834. Ma 1837, Thomas no laila ua loaʻa ka patent mua ma ka ʻoihana kaʻa ʻAmelika. Ma waena o ka makahiki 1832 a me ka makahiki 1838, ua hana ʻo Scotsman Robert Anderson i ke kaʻa uila, he kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻenekini mua ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopiha hou ʻia. I ka makahiki 1838, ua haku ʻo Scottish Robert Davidson i ke kaʻaahi kaʻa uila. ʻO ka tram e holo mau ana ma ke alanui he patent i ʻike ʻia ma Beretania i ka makahiki 1840.
Ka mōʻaukala o nā kaʻa uila uila.
Ua hānau ʻia ke kaʻa uila mua loa o ka honua i ka makahiki 1881. ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu ʻo Gustave Trouvé Gustave Trouvé ka mea ʻenekini Palani, he kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pākika lead-acid; ʻO ka kaʻa uila i hana ʻia e Davidson me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pākaukau mua no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka mana i loko o ke ʻano o ka hōʻoia honua. Ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻakika lead-acid, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, a me nā wahie he mana uila.
Kau waena
1860-1920 pae: Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 19. I ka makahiki 1859, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Gaston Plante i ka physicist Farani nui a me ka mea hoʻomohala i ka pākaukau lead-acid hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia.
Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a hiki i ka makahiki 1920, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o nā kaʻa i hoʻokele ʻia i loko o ka ʻenekini i loko o ka mākeke kūʻai kaʻa mua: ʻaʻohe ʻala, ʻaʻohe haʻalulu, ʻaʻohe walaʻau, ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻololi i nā kaʻa a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻekolu E hoʻokaʻawale i ka mākeke kaʻa honua.
Plateau
1920-1990 pae: Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka aila Texas a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, ua nalowale nā kaʻa uila i ko lākou mau pono ma hope o 1920. Ke hoʻololi mālie ʻia nei ka mākeke kaʻa e nā kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻenekini puhi ahi. He liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa uila (e hoʻohana ana i nā pahu pahu pahu lead-acid, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā papa kolepa, forklifts, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e koe ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale.
Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa uila no ka hapalua haneli. Me ka holo ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai aila i ka mākeke, aneane poina ka poʻe i ke ola ʻana o nā kaʻa uila. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa uila: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia paha ka hoʻokele uila, nā mea pākaukau, nā pā uila mana, ka hoʻokele pākaukau, etc.
Ka wā hoʻihoʻi
1990——: ʻO ka emi ʻana o nā kumu waiwai aila a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ea koʻikoʻi ka poʻe i hoʻolohe hou i nā kaʻa uila. Ma mua o 1990, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ka mea nui e ka ʻoihana pilikino. No ka laʻana, ka hui hoʻonaʻauao ʻole aupuni i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1969: ka World Electric Vehicle Association (World Electric Vehicle Association). I kēlā me kēia makahiki a me ka hapa, mālama ka World Electric Vehicle Association i nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao kaʻa uila a me nā hōʻikeʻike Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition (EVS) ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a me nā wahi a puni ka honua. Mai ka 1990s, ua hoʻomaka nā mea hana kaʻa nui e nānā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa uila a hoʻomaka e hoʻopukapuka kālā a me nā ʻenehana i ke kahua o nā kaʻa uila. Ma ka Los Angeles Auto Show i Ianuali 1990, ua hoʻolauna ka pelekikena o General Motors i ka Impact pure uila kaʻa i ka honua. I ka makahiki 1992, ua hoʻohana ʻo Ford Motor i ka pākaukau calcium-sulfur Ecostar, i ka makahiki 1996 ua hoʻohana ʻo Toyota Motor i ka pākahi Ni-MH RAV4LEV, i ka makahiki 1996 Renault Motors Clio, i ka makahiki 1997 ua ʻōwili ʻia ke kaʻa hybrid Prius o Toyota i ka laina hana, i ka makahiki 1997 ka kaʻa mua o ka honua ʻo Nissan Motor The Prairie ʻO Joy EV, he kaʻa uila e hoʻohana ana i nā pā lithium-ion, a ua hoʻokuʻu a kūʻai aku ʻo Honda i ka Hybrid Insight ma 1999.
ʻO ka holomua kūloko
Ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka lā, ke ulu nei nā kaʻa uila ma Kina no ʻumi makahiki. Ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻa uila, ma ka hopena o 2010, ua hōʻea nā kaʻa uila o Kina i ka 120 miliona, a ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki he 30%.
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻo nā kaʻa uila he hoʻokahi hapawalu wale nō o nā kaʻa kaʻa a hoʻokahi hapaʻumikūmālua o nā kaʻa;
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā wahi i noho ʻia, ʻo ka wahi i noho ʻia e kahi kaʻa uila he hoʻokahi wale nō iwakāluakūmālua o nā kaʻa pilikino maʻamau;
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano hoʻomohala, ke manaʻo nei ka mākeke o ka ʻoihana uila uila.
Ua makemake ʻia nā paikikala uila e nā hui haʻahaʻa a me waena o nā kūlanakauhale no kā lākou mau pono hana maʻalahi, maʻalahi, a me ke kaiapuni. Mai ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma Kina a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mākeke ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i ka waena o 1990s, i ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana mai ka makahiki 2012, ua hōʻike ʻia ka manawa o ka ulu nui ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma muli o ke koi ikaika, ua ulu nui ka mākeke paikikala uila o Kina.
Hōʻike nā ʻikepili i ka makahiki 1998, he 54,000 wale nō ka hoʻopuka aupuni, a i ka makahiki 2002 he 1.58 miliona. Ma ka makahiki 2003, ua hōʻea ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma Kina ma mua o 4 miliona, ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. ʻO ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki mai 1998 a 2004 ma mua o 120%. . I ka makahiki 2009, ua hōʻea ka huahana i 23.69 miliona mau ʻāpana, kahi hoʻonui makahiki-ma-makahiki o 8.2%. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1998, ua hoʻonui ʻia e 437 mau manawa, a he mea kupanaha ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO ka awelika o ka ulu makahiki o ka hana kaʻa uila i nā makahiki helu i luna ma kahi o 174%.
Wahi a nā wānana o ka ʻoihana, ma ka makahiki 2012, e piʻi ka nui o ka mākeke o nā kaʻa uila i 100 biliona yuan, a ʻo ka mākeke o nā ʻeke uila kaʻa wale nō e ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 biliona yuan. Ma Malaki 18, 2011, ua hoʻopuka pū nā ʻoihana ʻehā a me nā komisina i ka "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Electric Bicycles", akā i ka hopena ua lilo ia i "leka make". ʻO ia hoʻi, ke kū nei ka ʻoihana kaʻa uila i ke kaomi ola ʻana o ka mākeke ma kahi ʻano hoʻomaikaʻi lōʻihi, a e lilo nā palena kulekele i pahi kaua i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia no ke ola ʻana o nā ʻoihana he nui; ʻoiai ʻo ke kaiapuni o waho, ka nāwaliwali o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua a me ka hoʻihoʻi nāwaliwali, hana pū kekahi i nā kaʻa uila E hoʻemi nui ʻia ka bonus export o nā kaʻa.
Ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻa uila, ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka "Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā no ka Energy-Saving and New Energy Automobile Industry" i ka ʻAha Moku'āina, a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka "Plan" i kahi pae hoʻolālā aupuni, e manaʻo ana e kau i kahi kūlana hou. no ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻOiai ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana hoʻolālā ʻehiku i ʻike ʻia e ka mokuʻāina, ʻo ke kumukūʻai i hoʻolālā ʻia i nā kaʻa ikehu hou e hiki i ka 100 biliona yuan i nā makahiki he 10 e hiki mai ana, a ʻo ka nui o ke kūʻai aku e kū mua i ka honua.
Ma ka 2020, e hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻenehana o nā kaʻa ikehu hou, ʻo ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā kaʻa ikehu hou a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, a ʻo ka mākeke o nā kaʻa uila maʻemaʻe a me nā kaʻa hybrid plug-in e hiki i 5 miliona. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai 2012 a 2015, ʻo ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa uila ma ka mākeke Kina e hiki i kahi o 40%, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea e hele mai mai ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kaʻa uila. Ma ka 2015, e lilo ʻo Kina i mākeke kaʻa uila nui loa ma Asia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-03-2023